Normalize Text — Solution & ExplanationProblems / Normalize Text / EditorialApproachText normalization ensures consistency. DuckDB does not have INITCAP, so proper-case is built manually:```sqlCONCAT(UPPER(LEFT(col, 1)), LOWER(SUBSTRING(col, 2)))```This uppercases the first character and lowercases the rest. Use LOWER() for emails since they are case-insensitive by convention.In PySpark, F.initcap() is available directly through SQLFrame.Hints

UPPER() converts to all uppercase, LOWER() to all lowercase, and INITCAP() capitalizes the first letter of each word.

Emails should always be lowercase since email addresses are case-insensitive by convention.

In PySpark, F.initcap(), F.upper(), and F.lower() are the equivalent functions.

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